How Friction Shapes Fabric Feel

 

Friction is the phenomenon in which two object surfaces come into contact and move relative to each other under external force, generating tangential resistance at the contact interface. This tangential resistance is friction force, and its magnitude depends on the characteristics of the object surfaces. It is one of the classical mechanical properties. For fabrics, surface friction performance is also one of the most basic mechanical properties. It is generally characterized by the friction coefficient and surface roughness.
The surface friction performance of fabrics affects their smoothness or slipperiness, contributing to the richness of textile surface hand. A low friction coefficient results in a smooth hand, while a high friction coefficient leads to a rough hand. Regarding auditory style, specially treated silk fabrics produce low-frequency vibrations when rubbed together, creating the “silk sound” effect, which provides a pleasant sensation when they contact the skin during wear. In terms of visual style, the unevenness of the fabric surface causes variation in light reflection, thus influencing fabric luster. Surface friction properties also affect wear performance, such as abrasion resistance and the comfort of close-fitting garments. Additionally, surface friction can influence post-finishing processes and certain special functions. Therefore, simulating the friction behavior of fabrics when they contact different surfaces during actual use is an important way to understand fabric hand, style, and performance.

Fabric Surface Friction Performance

Fabrics are composed of fibers. Thus, friction between fabrics is essentially friction between fibers, which is a combination of macroscopic and microscopic interactions. From a microscopic mechanics perspective, friction involves interactions between molecules on the contacting surfaces, generating shearing and separation under tangential forces. When relative sliding occurs, the resistance to molecular shear on the contact surface increases. From a macroscopic viewpoint, friction between fabrics and objects results from collisions and compressions between fiber materials and the object surface. The friction coefficient depends on factors such as hardness of the two objects, shear-compression modulus, number of bonding points, and normal pressure.
Fabric surface friction performance is expressed using the friction coefficient or frictional resistance. Fabric frictional resistance can generally be classified into two types: (1) friction resistance of surface fibers, and (2) friction resistance caused by surface geometry. When fabrics contact hard, rough objects such as concrete, fiber snagging strength and the degree of fiber constraint on the fabric surface become the dominant factors. When fabrics rub against each other, the smoother the surface, the more the fiber friction resistance contributes to overall friction. Additionally, due to the raised areas created by warp and weft interlacing, the fabric surface becomes uneven. When rubbing occurs, the surface irregularities interlock like gears, greatly increasing frictional resistance.
More information about Factors Influencing Fabric Surface Friction Performance and Development of Fabric Surface Friction Performance can be found here.

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