History of Cotton Spinning Machine

 

Cotton spinning machine is defined as machines that process (or spin) prepared cotton roving into useable yarn or thread. The followings are the history of cotton spinning machine.

Early spinning tools

The first spinning tools were quite basic, consisting merely of a spindle and a winding rod. The loose fibers are twisted into yarn by spinning the spindle like a top, which is then coiled on a winding rod. The Indians developed this crude instrument and turned it into a spinning wheel, which replaced the hand spinning spindle with technology, but only one yarn could be produced.

Spinning wheel

In 1030, the Islamic world created the spinning wheel. It later spread to China around 1090, and then to Europe and India in the 13th century via the Islamic world.
All spinning was done by hand using spinning wheels until the 1740s. The Jersey wheel was the most sophisticated spinning wheel in Britain, but as an alternative, the Saxon wheel was a double-belt treaded spinning wheel in which the spindle spun faster than the traveler in an 8:6 ratio, employing both fingers.

Spinning jenny

The contemporary spinning machine debuted in England. Hargreaves and his wife, British weavers, were working at home one day in 1764, one spinning and the other weaving. They utilized hand spinning wheels back then. Hargreaves accidently toppled over the spinning wheel and saw that the spindle had altered from horizontal to upright, yet it continued to spin. This phenomenon got Hargreaves thinking: Since the spindle can rotate vertically, wouldn’t it be feasible to spin numerous yarns if several spindles were turned side by side at the same time?
So Hargreaves built it himself from his own design. A spinning machine with 4 wooden legs, a rotating shaft under the machine, sliding rails on the machine, and 8 vertical spindles was ultimately created after several testing and upgrades.
Hargreaves christened the new machine “Jenny” after his adored daughter. Following that, the number of spindles was steadily raised from 8 to 18, 30, and 80, and the efficiency was substantially enhanced. The “Spinning Jenny” was immediately adopted by other firms, thereby solving the “yarn crisis” that had previously plagued the British textile industry. The creation of the “spinning jenny” is significant in cotton spinning machine history. It was dubbed “the first innovation that substantially improved the conditions of British laborers” by Engels.

Water frame

In 1769, the British inventor Charles Arkwright patented the “hydraulic spinning machine,” which was powered by a water wheel to revolve the belt. The roving is attenuated (pulled) and twisted by wrapping it around a spindle. It is a massive, heavy machine that requires power and was known as a waterwheel in the late 1800s. The “Water Spinning Machine” outperforms the “Spinning Jenny” in terms of efficiency and yields a stronger and more compact yarn.
More history of cotton spinning machine can be found here.

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